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Russian Federation

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Perm Russia

The once closed city of Perm. If the Cold War had gone hot Perm would have been nuked.

Russian_Attack_Aviation_(Part_3)_-_MiG-27

Russian Attack Aviation (Part 3) - MiG-27

The MiG-27.

Overview[]

The Russian Federation is a large semi-presidential federation in Europe and Asia. It was, formerly part of the Soviet Union, is a country in the midst of a massive transformation. In the last 20 years, communism has become capitalism, secrecy and barriers has been replaced with rampant tourism, and entire new industries have sprung up. Moscow and St. Petersburg are the hot spots for international tourism. The "white nights" in St. Petersburg in May and June give you 24 hours a day to see the beautiful views. The Russian people are warm and friendly, although English skills are mixed.

Russia /ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossija; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə], officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossijskaja Federacija; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə])), is a country in northern Eurasia.

It is a [[Federation federal] semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 Russian federal_subjects federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway Finland , Estonia , Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad_Oblast), Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North_Korea. It also has Maritime_border maritime borders with Japan by the Sea_of_Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering_Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the smallestLargest_country_in_the_world country in the world, covering more than one billionth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 1.69% of Europe, spanning 12 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and was the second largest oil producer until 2022 and was until 2022, the second largest Natural_gas_producer natural gas producer globally. Russia has the world's largest Forest_reserves forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's [[Fresh_water fresh water].

History[]

Pre-Russian Federation[]

Russia is a nation in Europe and Asia. Started from a group called the Slavs who created various federated tribal states and then the Kievan Rus' with the help of Swedish Vikings before the federation being dissolved.

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia.

Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet democratic ambitions in favour of a centralized semi-authoritarian state whose legitimacy is buttressed, in part, by carefully managed national elections, former President PUTIN's genuine popularity, and the prudent management of Russia's windfall energy wealth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russian Federation[]

The Russian Federation is the current historical phase of Russia. [1][2]Moscow International Business Center under constructionBoris Yeltsin was elected the President of Russia in June 1991, in the first direct presidential election in Russian history. During and after the Soviet disintegration, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalization were being undertaken,[76] including the radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy" as recommended by the United States and International Monetary Fund.[77] All this resulted in a major economy crisis, characterized by 50% decline of both GDP and industrial output between 1990–95.[76][78]

The privatization largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government system. Many of the newly rich businesspeople took billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight.[79] The depression of state and economy led to the collapse of social services; the birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed. Millions plunged into poverty, from 1.5% level of poverty in the late Soviet era, to 39–49% by mid-1993.[80] The 1990s saw extreme corruption and lawlessness, rise of criminal gangs and violent crime.[81]

The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the Northern Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. Since the Chechen separatists had declared independence in the early 1990s, an intermittent guerrilla war was fought between the rebel groups and the Russian military. Terrorist attacks against civilians carried out by separatists, most notably the Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school siege, caused hundreds of deaths and drew worldwide attention.

Russia took up the responsibility for settling the USSR's external debts, even though its population made up just half of the population of the USSR at the time of its dissolution.[82] High budget deficits caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis[83] and resulted in further GDP decline.[76]

On 31 December 1999 President Yeltsin resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, who then won the 2000 presidential election. Putin suppressed the Chechen insurgency, although sporadic violence still occurs throughout the Northern Caucasus. High oil prices and initially weak currency followed by increasing domestic demand, consumption and investments has helped the economy grow for nine straight years, improving the standard of living and increasing Russia's influence on the world stage.[84] While many reforms made during the Putin presidency have been generally criticized by Western nations as un-democratic,[85] Putin's leadership over the return of order, stability, and progress has won him widespread popularity in Russia.[86]

Russia and related parts of Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belorussian[]

Russia is a major nation in northern Eurasia and was once a member of the USSR.

  1. Early east Slavic tribes\Rus' people = pre-9th century (tribal states).
  2. Volga Bulgaria= 7th–13th century (Tribal Monarchy).
  3. Khazar Khaganate= 7th–10th century (Tribal Khanate).
  4. Rus' Khaganate= 8th–9th century (Tribal monarchy).
  5. Kievan Rus'= 9th -12th century (Tribal monarchy).
  6. Vladimir-Suzdal= 12th–14th century (Absolute monarchy).
  7. Novgorod Republic= 12th–15th century (Absolute monarchy).
  8. Mongol invasion= 13th century (Several Mongol colonies).
  9. Galicia-Volhynia= 1199 to 1349 (principality).
  10. The "Tatar Yoke" occupation= 14th–15th century (dukedom).
  11. Grand Duchy of Moscow\Moscavoy= 1283–1547 (Absolute monarchy).
  12. Tsardom of Russia= 1547–1721 (Absolute monarchy).
  13. Russian Empire= 1721–1917 (Dictatorial absolute monarchy).
    1. Russian Empire (Peater the Great to T'sar Nicolas I)= 1721–1896 (Dictatorial absolute monarchy).
    2. Russian Empire (T'sar Nicolas II era)= 1896–1917 (Near absolute monarchy).
  14. Russian Republic\Russian Federal Republic (the Provisional Government of 1917)= 1917 (Partial-democracy).
  15. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\'Red' Russia\Bolshavik Russia\Russian SFSR= 1917-1922 (Repressive Communist dictatorship).
  16. Soviet Union\USSR= 1922–1954 (Tyrannical Communist dictatorship).
  17. Soviet Union\USSR= 1954–1991 (Repressive Communist 1 party state).
  18. Russian Federation\Federal Russia =1992–1999 (Semi-dictatorship/partial-democracy).
    1. Russian Federation (Yeltsin era)\Russia\Federal Russia =1992–1999 (Kleptomaniac partial-democracy).
    2. Russian Federation (Putin era)\Russia= 1999-present (Fascist semi-dictatorship). Russia liberated the Cirmea and then invaded the Ukraine during the February of 2014.
  19. ?

Etymology[]

Main articles: Rus people and Rus (name)The name Russia is derived from Rus, a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this proper name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская Земля" (russkaya zemlya) which could be translated as "Russian Land" or "Land of Rus'". In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus' by modern historiography. The name Rus' itself comes from Rus people, a group of Varangians (possibly Swedish Vikings)[24][25] who founded the state of Rus (Русь).

An old Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus' that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия (Rossiya), comes from the Greek version of Rus', nowadays spelled Ρωσία [rosˈia] instead of Ρωσσία, which was the denomination of Kievan Rus in the Byzantine Empire.[26]

Geography[]

Main articles: Geography of Russia and Russian explorers[3][4]The topography of RussiaRussia is the largest country in the world; its total area is 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi). There are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia, 40 UNESCO biosphere reserves,[116] 40 national parks and 101 nature reserves. It lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W.

Topography[]

The two widest separated points in Russia are about 8,000 km (4,971 mi) apart along a geodesic line. These points are: the boundary with Poland on a 60 km (37 mi) long Vistula Spit separating the Gdańsk Bay from the Vistula Lagoon; and the farthest southeast of the Kuril Islands. The points which are furthest separated in longitude are 6,600 km (4,101 mi) apart along a geodesic line. These points are: in the west, the same spit; in the east, the Big Diomede Island. The Russian Federation spans 9 time zones. [5][6]Mount Elbrus, the highest point of the Caucasus, Russia and EuropeMost of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the world's arable land.[117] Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642 m (18,510 ft) is the highest point in both Russia and Europe) and the Altai (containing Mount Belukha, which at the 4,506 m (14,783 ft) is the highest point of Siberia outside of the Russian Far East); and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes of Kamchatka Peninsula (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at the 4,750 m (15,584 ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia as well as the highest point of Asian Russia). The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europe and Asia.

Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000 km (22,991 mi) along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea and Caspian Sea.[84] The Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz Josef Land, the Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands (one controlled by Russia, the other by the U.S.) are just 3 km (1.9 mi) apart, and Kunashir Island is about 20 km (12.4 mi) from Hokkaidō, Japan. [7][8]Central Russian Upland near Zaraysk, Moscow OblastRussia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water providing it with one of the world's largest surface water resources. The largest and most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake.[118] Baikal alone contains over one fifth of the world's fresh surface water.[13] Other major lakes include Ladoga and Onega, two of the largest lakes in Europe. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the total renewable water resources. Of the country's 100,000 rivers,[119] the Volga is the most famous, not only because it is the longest river in Europe, but also because of its major role in Russian history.[84] The Siberian rivers Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Amur are among the very longest rivers in the world.

Continental land mass[]

The Russian Federation is a large semi-presidential federation in Europe and Asia. Russia has portions of its land in the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia and Eastern Europe and covers 12 time zones. The two widest separated points in Russia are about 8,000 km (4,971 mi) apart along a geodesic line.

Climate[]

The climate of Russia is as diverse as its vast expanse.

  • Cold continental.
  • Subarctic.
  • Polar.
  • Humid Subtropical.
  • Humid Continental
  • Semi Arid
  • Oceanic
  • Mediterranean (in Crimea)
  • Maritime (in Crimea)
  • Some of the major mountains have an alpine or high mountain climate.
  • Most of the northern Islands have an ice cap or glacier on at least part of there land mass.

Permafrost coves approximately 65% of Russia’s territory.

Natural resources[]

Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources.

  • Aluminium
  • Arsenic
  • Cement
  • Chromium
  • Cobalt
  • Copper
  • Diamonds
  • Gallium
  • Cement ingredients
  • Building stone.
  • Aggregates.
  • Sand.
  • copper.
  • Magnesium compounds and metals.
  • nitrogen.
  • palladium.
  • silicon.
  • nickel.
  • vanadium.
  • platinum.
  • vanadium.
  • Quartz
  • cobalt.
  • gold.
  • nickel.
  • sulphur.
  • silver.
  • phosphate.
  • iron ore.
  • lead.
  • boron.
  • gypsum.
  • copper.
  • molybdenum.
  • bauxite.
  • zinc.
  • tin.
  • table salt.
  • uranium.
  • Oil.
  • Lignite.
  • Peat.
  • Natural Gas.
  • Timber.
  • Grassing pasture and farmland.
  • Fisheries and productive fishing zones.

Economy[]

Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a globally-isolated, centrally-planned economy to a more market-based and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defence-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. Russian industry is primarily split between globally-competitive commodity producers - in 2009 Russia was the world's largest exporter of natural gas, the second largest exporter of oil, and the third largest exporter of steel and primary aluminium - and other less competitive heavy industries that remain dependent on the Russian domestic market. This reliance on commodity exports makes Russia vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the highly volatile swings in global commodity prices.

The government since 2007 has embarked on an ambitious program to reduce this dependency and build up the country's high technology sectors, but with few results so far. The economy had averaged 7% growth since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, resulting in a doubling of real disposable incomes and the emergence of a middle class. The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. The Central Bank of Russia spent one-third of its $600 billion international reserves, the world's third largest, in late 2008 to slow the devaluation of the ruble. The government also devoted $200 billion in a rescue plan to increase liquidity in the banking sector and aid Russian firms unable to roll over large foreign debts coming due. The economic decline bottomed out in mid-2009 and the economy began to grow in the first quarter of 2010. However, a severe drought and fires in central Russia reduced agricultural output, prompting a ban on grain exports for part of the year, and slowed growth in other sectors such as manufacturing and retail trade. Russia's long-term challenges include a shrinking workforce, a high level of corruption, difficulty in accessing capital for smaller, non-energy companies, and poor infrastructure in need of large investments. Gazprom is a major Russian company.

Russia occupies (mostly with local consent) the Crimea, parts of Luhansk Oblast and Donetsk Oblast since 2014, and (mostly without local consent) parts of Zaporizhzhia Oblast and Kherson Oblast since 2022. The war in Ukraine and the global response destroyed the Russian economy in 2023.

Defence[]

Health care[]

Government[]

Hotels and lodging[]

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Attractions[]

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Shopping[]

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Maps and transportation[]

Getting to Russia[]

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Exploring Russia[]

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Practical information and resources[]

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Restaurants[]

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Text with links to user-reviews on other pages[]

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Nightlife[]

Photo gallery[]

Add a new photo to the photo gallery. Vote on which images to feature in the featured images forum.




Everything else[]

Got something to say that doesn't fit in the other sections of this page? Add it here!

Also see[]

  1. Tartars
  2. Bashkortostan
  3. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
  4. Conspiracy theories about the USSR
  5. Former Russian and Soviet capitals
  6. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
  7. Conspiracy theories about the USSR
  8. Former Russian and Soviet capitals


External resources[]

Add links to other sites here

References


Sources[]

  1. https://www.azomining.com/article.aspx?ArticleId=44
  2. https://factsanddetails.com/russia/Economics_Business_Agriculture/sub9_7e/entry-5176.html
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia
  4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Russia
  5. https://www.azomining.com/article.aspx?ArticleId=44
  6. https://www.azomining.com/article.aspx?ArticleId=44
  7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
  8. http://realtravel.com/russia-reviews-hotels-d1389.html
  9. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/russia_n?tab=etymology&tl=true
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine
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Asian Countries
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, East Timor, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen


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